1. What is 760mm of mercury equal to?

1 atmosphere of pressure

2. What is the functional unit of the lung where gasses exchange?

alveoli

3. What is the name of the compartment between the lung and the ribs (and diaphragm)?

intrapleural space

4. What is the name of the cell type of the capillaries where gas exchanges after crossing the cells in the lung (answer to question 2)?

endothelium

5. Name 2 things the upper respiratory tract does to air that enters the nose.

warms, filters, humidifies

6. Name of the volume of a single inspiration and expiration (normal breathing)?

tidal volume

7. What drug, a naturally occurring hormone, is inhaled to open the airway?

adrenalin

8. Which gas is indirectly monitored to stimulate breathing?

CO2

9. Which protein in blood transports oxygen?

hemoglobin

10. How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule bind

4

11. Which metal is present in hemoglobin?

iron

12. Increased/Decreased temperature decreases oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

increased

13. Is CO2 or O2 more dissolvable in water?

CO2

14. What is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

15. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are collectively referred to as what?

renal corpuscle

16. What type of capillaries have large pores that aid in the first stages of filtration?

fenestrated

17. Why is a podocyte so named?

has foot processes

18. Roughly what percent of plasma is reabsorbed back into systemic circulation?

99%

19. What is the main driving force, under normal conditions, that affects filtration rate?

blood pressure

20. The macula densa communicates with what to respond to low blood pressure and release renin?

juxtaglomerular cells

21. Renin is involved with the activation of what powerful hormone to re-establish blood pressure?

angiotensin

22. With what ion does glucose enter the proximal tubule cell?

Na+

23. The function of urea is to eliminate what byproduct of metabolism?

nitrogen

24. What portion of the kidney does the loop of Henle "dip" into?

medulla

25. Which, of the two convoluted tubules, is closer to Bowman's corpuscle?

proximal

26. Normally, do blood cells pass into the filtrate?

no

27. Vasopressin is a hormone from the posterior pituitary. What is a more common name?

ADH

28. Name a drug that inhibits Vasopressin.

alcohol, caffeine

29. Give an exception to the general truth that functional proteins cannot be absorbed in the digestive system.

mother's antibodies in breast feeding (also prions)

30. Most absorption occurs in the intestine. Name a drug whose absorption begins in the stomach.

aspirin, alcohol

31. What is another word for inactive enzyme or precursor of an enzyme?

zymogen

32. In addition to acidity, what pathology causes ulcers in the stomach?

bacteria (Helicobacter pylori)

33. What does bile do to fats?

emulsify

34. Why do you have a lot of folds and "crypts" in the intestines?

to increase surface area

35. Amino acids are cotransported from the lumen along with what ion?

Na+

36. Where do the pancreas and common bile duct "dump" their contents?

duodenum

37. Why is it useful to have a portal vessel from the intestine to the liver?

to detoxify

38. What makes feces dark?

urobilogen

39. After passing the basolateral cell surface in the company of proteins, fats are picked up via which system?

lymphatic

40. Explain what a Q10 value of 2.0 means in terms of reaction rate.

reaction rate doubles for 10 degree increase

41. Explain why the term poikilothermic does not relate only to organisms.

could apply to cells

42. During this lab, an emphasis was put on carefully decanting liquids down the sides of the bottles. What is the importance of this technique as it relates to this lab?

not to get O2 into water

43. Write the equation for cellular respiration. What two things could be measured to determine metabolic rate?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy, could measure O2 consumption, or CO2 production (2 points)

44. What is a thigmiotherm?

gets energy from substratum or medium

45. Why were crayfish chosen as the organism for the Q10 experiment? What is another organism that could have been used to generate similar data?

ectotherm, could use fish (2 points)

46. How does temperature affect water chemistry? How does temperature affect reaction rates?

Increased motion & soluability, increased reaction rate (2 points)

47. Which cranial nerve (number) is the trigeminal nerve?

5

48. Which two systems are working in concert in the diving reflex that normally work
in opposition?

parasympathetic and sympathetic

49. What is increased and what is decreased during a dive?

blood pressure, pulse

50. What does apnea mean?

cessation of breathing

51. Why could we do this lab by putting the face, and not the entire body, into water?

mediated through trigeminal

52. What two parameters were measured in the diving lab?

blood pressure and heart rate

53. Which artery is typically used to find blood pressure?

brachial

54. How is blood pressure increased during the diving reflex?

sympathetic peripheral vasoconstriction

55. Apnea is triggered by stimulation of what type of receptors on the trigeminal nerve?

cold receptors

56. How was the control taken in the lab? (what was done by the test subject?)

breathed normally in air

57. What is THE most universal solvent?

water

58. In general, does percent water in the body increase or decrease with age?

decrease

59. What is an electrolyte?

a charged molecule (ion) in fluid

60. What is the most important intracellular cation?

K+

61. What is pulmonary edema?

fluid in lungs

62. What is hyponatremia?

low sodium

63. What hormone depletes calcium from bone?

PTH

64. Absence of what protein causes liver edema?

albumin

65. What gland regulates calcium via calcitonin?

thyroid

66. How many liters of water does the body contain?

40


Return to Syllabus

Return to Stark Home Page

this page was last revised 12/19/06