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BIOL 347 General Physiology Lab - Dr Stark
Final Exam(part 1) - Wednesday April 30, 2008
Short answer

1. What function does it serve for chloride to come into and go out of red blood cells?

The chloride shift exchanges for bicarbonate to transport carbon dioxide

2. Assume atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, what (approximately) is the pressure in the intrapleural cavity?

just a few mm Hg less

3. Why do premature babies have a hard time breathing?

high surface tension b/c of lack of surfactant

4. Why is asbestos worse for smokers?

cilia are blocked

5. Why would you need to remove the carbon dioxide in a recording spirometer's bell jar while you are studying the subject?

otherwise, increasing CO2 would increase stimulus for breathing until the subject was breathing real hard

6. According to a figure, at the end of tidal inspiration, "The first 150 ml is stale air from the dead space." Why "stale" and what did they mean "dead space" in this example?

what is in the tubes is not fresh air, it was air that was from the lungs, the tubes do not do any exchange

7. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is 100 mm Hg. Why isn't it as high as the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere?

because partial pressures of CO2 and H2O, high in the lungs but not the atmosphere, divide the partial pressures into more parcels

8. As blood returns toward alveoli, the partial pressure for carbon dioxide is 46 mm Hg. Approximately what is this value as blood leaves the alveoli toward the tissues?

40, it is interesting that it is that high

9. How does a famous graph explain that Maze's baby was getting all the oxygen it needed across the placenta?

the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than adult (maternal) hemoglobin

10. What is the mechanism for the large pH variability in the cerebrospinal fluid that controls respiration?

there are no buffers (as there are in the blood) for the acidificatio caused by CO2

11. About what fraction of the body's blood flow goes to the kidneys?

1/4-1/5

12. Why do they call the blood vessel emerging from the glomerulus an efferent arteriole rather than a venule?

there is a portal flow from cortex to medulla

13. Blood pressure is monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and a change in (what hormone?) results. (I will accept the name of the hormone from the JGA or the hormone affected by that hormone.)

renin angiotensin

14. In addition to the fenestrated capillary endothelium, what cellular specialization contributes to the size selective filtering into Bowman's capsule?

podocyte makes a sieve

15. For electrolyte resorption, there is a sodium channel on the apical surface of the cell (of the proximal convoluted tubule) and (what?) on the basolateral surface?

Na+-K+ATPase (sodium pump)

16. For glucose resorption (in the proximal convoluted tubule), in addition to a sodium pump and a facilitated diffusion carrier, what other transporter is needed?

an Na+ - glucose cotransporter

17. Why would there be glucose in the urine of an untreated diabetic?

the glucose retrieval is saturated

18. Removal of what organ would make a rat crave salt?

adrenal gland that produces aldosterone

19. ADH controls the deployment of
(a) (what molecule?) to the cell membrane

aquaporin

(b) of (what part of the nephron?) to regulate water.

collecting duct

20. What is the term for the smooth muscle contractions that move "food" through the gut?

peristalsis (motility)

21. What is the name of the "valve" that controls gastric emptying?

pyloric sphincter

22. "Chief cells secrete pepsin." Almost correct. What do they actually secrete?

pepsinogen

23. In addition to crypts and villi, what increases the surface area for contact (of intestinal cells with the lumen)?

brush border (microvilli)

24. What is the source of trypsinogen?

pancreas

25. What is the function of the bicarbonate secreted into the duodenum?

neutralize acid from stomach

26. In terms of one function of the liver, why is it no surprise that there is cholesterol in gall stones?

salts of cholesterol emulsify fats

27. Biochemically, why would there be fat deposits in the liver after an alcohol binge?

alcohol -> aldehyde -> acetic acid -> acetyl CoA adds to fatty acids

28. Chylomicrons are composed of protein and (what else?).

triglycerides

29. Give me the name of one local hormone controlling digestion.

gastrin cholecystokinin secretin enterogastrone

This page was last updated May 2. 2008

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