Name: ________________________

Midterm Biology 347- General Physiology Lab
10/19/06 Dr. Stark

1. Graded potentials decrease in size with increasing ______________.

Distance

2. The jump of action potentials from node to node is referred to as what?

Saltatory Conduction

3. The inside of the cell is __________ in respect to outside of the cell.

Negative

4. For most intents and purposes, Ramon y Cajal won out over Golgi, on the basis of staining techniques concerning what issue?

whether cells were separate (and hence needed (what turned out to be synaptic) communication

5. Myelin is wrapped around the axon many times to prevent current leakage. What happens to resistance due to these multiple wrappings?

increases

6. When multiple layers of myelin are added in series, what happens to capacitance?

decreases

7. Sodium channels in the axon have activation and inactivation gates. Give the activation and inactivation status when the neuron is at its resting membrane potential.

it is closed but not inactivated and, of course, it is not activated

8. Through axon membrane channels, which ion goes into the cell and which ion leaves the cell?

Na+ enters, K+ leaves

9. Which ion(s) can pass through a cholinergic nicotinic receptor?

Na+, K+

10. What causes Ca2+ channels to open in the axon terminal?

depolarization

11. Do action potentials decrease in size as they move down the axon?

no

12. If graded potentials are summed and are above threshold at the axon hillock, what will be generated?

an action potential

13. What type of gradient causes Na+ to rush into the cell when an action potential is present?

chemical (electrochemical) gradient

14. What two gradients are responsible for the membrane's resting potential?

concentration and electrical

15. What type of system is the autonomic division of the nervous system?

motor

16. Adrenergic receptors bind what hormone and what neurotransmitter?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

17. Similar to the situation for breakdown of polysaccharides and proteins, what type of reaction takes off a phosphate from ATP to convert it to ADP.

hydrolysis

18. Not counting the neuromuscular junction, how many synapses are present in the knee jerk reflex?

one

19. The Z disc is a connection point for which protein?

actin

20. Which protein does Ca2+ bind to, thus exposing the binding site on actin?

troponin

21. In the myofibril, what is the contractile unit that extends from Z disc to Z disc?

sarcomere

22. Will a flexor bring the centers of the connected bones together or push them apart?

bring them together

23. Why did we measure the weights of books and place them on the grip ball?

to calibrate the computer

24. When an inorganic phosphate is released from the myosin binding site, what ensues?

power stroke

25. Of the 3 muscle fiber types, which would a person use to exert all of their energy in doing
one very heavy bench press at the gym?

fast twitch glycolytic

26. What is the name of the protein that gives muscles their dark red color?

myoglobin (also hemoglobin and cytochrome)

27. In the lab, how long did it say that synaptic transmission takes?

1/2 msec

28. When a muscle goes into tetany, what is happening electrically?

actin potentials are coming one after another so soon that twitches summate

39. Name the receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is mechanically linked the DHP
receptor?

ryanodine

30. What is the stimulus that activates the DHP receptor?

action potential

31. During contraction, will actin slide toward or away from the center of the sarcomere?

toward the center

32. A motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that are stimulated by that motor neuron is
referred to as a(n) ____________________.

motor unit

33. When muscle relaxation begins, what type of protein/enzyme pumps Ca2+ back into the
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

Ca2+ ATPase

34. What region of the brain does vision project to?

occipital lobe

35. What color light do yellow filters absorb?

blue

36. Name the two macular pigments in front of the fovea that slightly polarize light.

lutein and zeaxanthin

37. What part of the eye gives the highest acuity or sharpest vision?

fovea

38. Not everyone saw the bow tie spinning during the presentation of Haidinger's
Brushes. What were we actually seeing?

Macular pigments

39. Does the temporal retinal field (nasal visual field) stay ipsilateral or cross to the contralateral side?

ipsilateral

40. Where do the left and right optic nerves first meet behind the eyes?

optic chiasm

41. In general, can humans see ultraviolet light?

no

42. We saw that when you shined a light on the left eye, that both pupils constricted, thus
allowing less light to enter the eye. Since it happens, or is seen on both sides, what
is this referred to as?

bilateral reflex

43. How many different color cones do we have?

3

44. What is the fancy word for day vision?

photopic

45. If you cannot see far away, what condition do you have?

myopia, near-sightedness

46. The confocal microscope is a fancy fluorescence microscope. Why
do things look so much nicer than in a traditional fluorescence
microscope?

laser used, also optical sectioning

47. Dr. Stark's colleague at Northwestern Medical School provided a Drosophila
stock that she thought had something wrong with its vision. On the basis of
what result did our class phototaxis demonstration show that these flies could see?

flies attracted to ultraviolet light

48. What is the strongest lens in the human eye?

cornea-air interface

49. The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes are collectively referred at as what?

ossicles

50. What number cranial "nerve" is the olfactory bulb?

One

51. What type of receptor are all olfactory receptors?

G protein linked receptors

52. What number cranial nerve is the auditory nerve?

8

53.Where is the synapse of a gustatory receptor?

right in the cell, no axon

54. What type of molecule is the salt receptor?

channel

55. We said there is a condition of the eye called conjunctivitis, what is its common
name?

pink eye

56. Name the five tastes mediated on the tongue.

salt sour sweet bitter umami

57. What structures connect the lens and the muscles for accomodation?

ligaments

58. Which fluid, in the anterior part of the eye, is in front of the lens?

aqueous humor

59. What is the jelly-like fluid between the lens and the retina?

vitreous humor

60. Compared to the aorta, blood flows faster/slower in capillaries.

slower

61. Long QT syndrome is a mutation in which ion channel?

K+

62. Developmentally the heart flips so that the atria move superior to the ventricles and
the base of the heart lies on top. This explains what unusual name for the "bottom" of the heart (tip of the ventricles)?

apex

63. Name the artery that runs from the right ventricle to the lungs.

pulmonary

64. List all of the letters of the electrical waves of the heart.

PQRST

65. Which wave of the ECG reflects the depolarization of the atria?

p

66. Which ECG waves (there are 3) are the depolarization of the ventricles?

QRS

67. What is the name for the period when the heart contracts?

systole

68. How many valves are in the heart?

4

69. Name the sac the surrounds the heart.

pericardium

70. What is the name of the diagram that shows the relationship between ECG, heart
sounds, and pressure and volume changes in the heart and aorta?

Wiggers

71. The endocrine system uses/does not use ducts to secrete hormones.

Does not

72. Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete which peptide hormone?

Glucagon

73. Beta cells in the pancreas secrete which peptide hormone?

Insulin

74. What type of receptor does insulin bind to thus initiating a signal trandsduction
cascade that allows insulin to affect the cell?

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)

75. What does akinase do?

Phosphorylate

76. Which glucose transporter does muscle tissue use to transport glucose into the cell?

GLUT-4

77. Which glucose transporter does the liver utilize to uptake glucose?

GLUT-2

78. If the blood sugar level of an animal is 150 mg/dl, will the addition of glucagon make
next reading closer to 100 mg/dl or 200 mg/dl?

Closer to 200mg/dl

79. When there are high/low levels of glucose, glucagon is released.

Low

80. We gave the injection of hormones and sedatives in the gut of the mouse, what is the
official name of this type of injection? (abbreviation or name will do).

I.P. or intraperitoneal.

81. What are the clusters of endocrine tissue in the pancreas collectively referred to as?

The islet of Langerhans.

82. In the fed state, name 2 types of biological molecules that are stored.

Sugars, fats, proteins.

83. What are the units of the blood plasma readings on the glucose meter?

mg/dl of plasma

84. Is glucose transport in the brain insulin dependent?

no

85. Where does your body get sugar from when you are in the fasting state (what is broken down?)

Stored Glycogen.

86. How would you compare how many times the papers of two faculty members have been cited?

use web of science (science citation index)

87. Each week I give the mean and standard deviation of quiz scores. How do I calculate these?

Excel =AVERAGE(firstscore:lastscore),=STDEV(firstscore:lastscore)

88. My article was rejected by the Journal of Comparative Physiology, so I decide to try to get it published in the Journal of Insect Physiology. How do I minimize the amount of work to rewrite the references in the style of the other journal?

Use a reference data manager like endnote and select a different style



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